A Literature Review on English Language Teaching in CBSE Curriculum in the State of Kerala

Jaimon Maleakudy
Principal
Senior Secondary M E S Central School
Tirur, Kerala
Ph D Reg No P3505
maleakudyjaimon@gmail.com
and
Dr. V. Christopher Ramesh
Asst. Professor Of English
Govt. Arts College , Melur.
Tamilnadu

Introduction:

Today, in India, English is a sign of people's ambitions to good education and greater involvement. Its imperial roots are now overlooked or obsolete, and its initial position in modern India adapted to higher education.

English in our schools:

The degree of English introduction:

The real impact of English existence is that it is demanded today by the initial stage of schooling. The disappointment with this policy is apparent in the rise of private English medium schools and the early integration of English into public school systems.

ELT English language teaching in India:

English has been generally taught by grammar translation method. In the late 1950s, a structurally differentiated grade book was implemented into the state systems for learning languages as a significant innovation. The behavioural- psychological and intellectual basis of the systematic technique resulted in Chomsky's cognitive claims to style as 'emotional organ'. The theoretical approach in inputs whole style, task-based and easily understood feedback and structured approaches seek to reveal language in context-focused situations to activate the conceptual development of a language system.

Objectives to a classroom dialect:

A national curriculum should aspire for a coherent curriculum system based on standards for language teaching and learning, which allows a range of applications tailored to individual needs and assets, offers descriptive examples of use.

English doesn't stand alone. It needs to find its place in combination with other Indian languages. In regional- medium schools, how children are other words can enhance English teaching/learning.

Regards to other subjects:

Language- awareness of the curricular experience may be of particular importance to education. Communication is better learned through various meaning-making ways and therefore, all instruction in the form of language instructions. The objective of teaching English is to create multilingual that can enhance all of our languages; this has been a consistent national vision.

Language acquisition in and out of the classroom:

Second- language education, more than any other educational subject, must follow the strictest criteria of standardized success, the natural and acceptable use of language for at least daily purposes.

Essential verbal educational verbal ability:

Language in education, preferably and frequently draws on such learned language skills, enriching it through the growth of comprehension as a tool for abstract thought and the learning of subject knowledge.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW:
Mother tongue Influence and its role:

In India, there are thousands of languages spread across the country. The scheduled words are 18, and the mother tongue is one of them. The effect of the mother tongue on the second language had been there for a long time. The impact or power of a mother tongue on a second language or specified language is not formal and universal in itself. Differences are based on several variables. The following table shows a review of the authors.

The positive influences are bound to be there when the learner acquires the necessary skills with absolute acceptability. The pronunciation parts and its implications and grammar actually affect the nature and development of second language among students. This capacity of self-reflection makes the individual interpret the environment and make them actively pursue their goals.

Learning Process in Second language Acquisition

Language is a way of demonstrating thoughts and feelings in the type of signs and symbols. Such symbols and posters are used to encrypt and interpret the content. Defining the acquisition of a second language and learning is the study and development of a second language, once the addition of a mother tongue or a first language has been developed. The following table shows a review of the authors.

The language learning strategies are used by second language learners which make them manage the cognitive challenges for new language & its orientations. Various strategies like silent way, natural way, and integrated content-based methods and sheltered instructions which would make them equip and manage English as the second language effectively.

Approaches and methods to second language acquisition

For most learners, the primary objective of learning a second language is to be able to use it for correspondence, whether in the case of listening to language speakers or reading and writing texts in it for personal or professional reasons. Specific reasons people can study the second language include an interest in understanding and enjoy the literature or writings associated with it, and an innate attractiveness to the dialect on its speakers. The table shows a review of the authors.

It focused on grammar translations, direct method and more focus on audio-lingual practices. Enable the students to learn and acquire grammar and vocabulary skills. Engage in developmental activities through materials, activities and strategies which would enable them to have the significant acquisition of second language English.

Motivation and its role in Second language learning

Motivation is a commonly used term in both our everyday work and study. Several language learning motivation models have been developed and postulated in areas such as language studies and linguistic anthropology related to second languagelearning in classroom settings.

The authors identify two different significant factors which are the reasons to learn the language – Instrumental motivation which means learning the language for employment and education and the integrative motivation which makes the learner acquire the language for communication with the speakers of that language and get identified with them.

Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors of Second language learning

Intrinsically motivated behaviours are those for which there is no obvious incentive except for the practice itself. Extrinsically motivated habits, on the other side, are performed in preparation of reward from outside and beyond. The following table shows the review of the authors.

It is taken into due consideration with the learner's progress in the process. The changes in the individual are influenced by the learning environment, as motivationreduces the gap between the ideal self and actual self in the entire learning process.

Affect variables in Second language acquisition process

Creation is virtually another word with learning. However, it is often used for specific applications and meanings like a second language. Many particular factors influence second- language learning, such as maturity, competence, intellect, intellectual ability, behaviour, encouragement and temperament.

Attitudes and beliefs also have their role and impact, and these variables affect the entire learning process. Positive emotions can be enjoyment, having a tolerance of differences, positive attitudes towards learning. To learn and acquire the necessary skills and talents in second language learning and process — the entire aspects of second language learning. The social learning environment has its effects.

Second language teaching methods and adoption process

Second language learning is a conscious choice in which the teaching of a language other than the first language takes place. The following table shows a review of the authors.

The authors deal with nature, the extent of adoption of the second language by the members of society.

Second language teaching and Methods – Historical approaches and significance:

The history of language teaching in India has a long tradition. Repetition of words and pronunciation of expressions has often been a significant part of this education process in the past.

In this way Chomsky's (1959) looked into the second language learning process as an acquisition by using the unique capacities of the mind, so he sees the entire process of second language learning as a mental process which enables effective transformation and transactions. Chomsky had contributed towards psycholinguistics & linguistics.

Communicative Revolution of Second language Teaching

The need for contact has been unwavering, contributing to the rise of communicative language teaching. Communicative language teaching is not a method; it is a methodology that defines the limits of concrete approaches and at the same time strategies.

It emerged into other functions such as task-based language and teaching, content-based integrated learning and socio-cultural approaches

Task-based second language Teaching

Task-based language teaching is primarily a student-centred method. It arose from the communication strategy but has since created its separate value. It can be seen as a reaction to more conventional teacher-led, grammatical- oriented, presentation – practice production approaches to language instruction.

This method does not focus on grammar aspects of language alone, but rather it is integrative as it focuses on meaning. The secondary languages are best acquired in natural settings without formal approaches or methods.

Interactive decision making in Second language teaching

The teachings are fluid, erratic to some degree and marked by constant change. It can be concluded from the description that the identification is involved in different situations. The form of identification is, therefore, of great significance for further research.

There is no single method which could be useful under given circumstances. So a combination of techniques which deploy the best from all the ways would be effective and efficient in the whole process

An ecological approach to second language teaching

The organic approach to language education illustrates the systematic learning of language skills in this context. Speakers communicate in a setting like animals living in the environment.

The second language learning students would allow them to be capable learners in the long run.

Dynamic system theory approach to Second language teaching

Dynamic Systems Theory (DST), although regrettably with some unresolved issues, could be such a theory. The purpose of this article is to understand how the DST was created.

The atmosphere in social settings which develops social control and independence in the whole process.

Principled Pragmatic Approach to Second language Teaching and approaches

The pragmatic approach to second language teaching and methods. They can create new strategies to teach and interact with second language learners which are:

• Minimizing perceptual mismatches
• Encourage facilitated interactions
• Ensuring learner and their autonomy in the process
• Integration of language skills
• Social relevance
• Cultural consciousness

This method also empowers teachers by nature to create new syllabus design and approaches and design location-specific activities.

Problems of low proficiency in English

In learning English as a second language, we could observe that Indians in this country are not very proficient and fluent in this language. This part of the chapter would focus on the various reasons and findings as to why there is low proficiency in English despite family support & Government role in the entire process.

The conscious effort by children, parents monitoring, help and support enables the child to learn eagerly with interest, or the child is not able to have an interest in learning this language. If the classroom is not conducive for the child, it may lead to problems of low proficiency and acquisition of necessary basic skills. English as a second language and says that it is due to:

• Rural background of students
• Tribal background
• Economically backward status

Children Drop out in Schools

The study and evaluated and found that high drop out in English language learning.

To make them enable to high achievers and performers in the English language

Teacher’s perspective in English language learning by students

When the students are taught with an attitude that they are weaker and they would perform poorly, it turns like that only.

Teachers need to have the right perspective with objectivity in handling students

Learning strategies by students and its impact on English language learning

The students do not perform well in the English language is due to their lack of efforts in the process.

Find out from the above literature review that there is a low prevalence of English learning among students in India along with proficiency and skills for employment and self-development.

Specific strategies, methods, approaches, ways and means must be evolved to overcome these difficulties. This condition of low proficiency can reduce in the long run with student involvement and interest along with parent’s dedication and teacher’s involvement and curriculum practices in India.

English as Soft skill – LSRW – (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing)

This active engagement with the text is called as reading and experience refines the process of reading to read in between the lines and to provide new observations, content and unfamiliar relationships in the entire process.

The communication and interaction sometimes tend to be a barrier in its approach and orientations

Reading skills

The reader plays an active role and not a passive role in interpretation and derivation, connecting things with familiar and unfamiliar nature, organize and provide new meanings and definitions.

The method of reading to read in between the lines and to provide new observations, content and unfamiliar relationships in the whole process.

Listening skills

Listening is an active engagement with the other person who is involved in the conversation

The speaker and the listener must take sufficient interest in the information exchange process and participate in the entire process and sequences. This makes listening to be a quick process and joyful.

Speaking skills

The role of speaking in the entire process of communication. It is a transaction, and it is a process of active transfer of a message from one party to another. The intended meaning of the speaker and the conveyed word to the listener must be the same.

Examined on the nature and extent of effectiveness of communication which would enable us to know the area of reach of the message to the other party.
Writing skill

LSRW soft skills for Employment

A mental process and it is an output of creativity originality expressed in written form. It is another active engagement process.

The four essential skills which are reading, writing, speaking and listening in English language adds value and importance in their personal and organizational lives. It provides employee benefits, career advancement and economic benefits as well. It is an essential skill which has to be acquired by all. By possessing this skill, a person can effectively engage in organizations, contribute and influence the organizational roles. His personal and self-competencies improve a lot in these skills.

Occupational English, Business English: Importance in the service industry

The English by nature is a global language which can provide employment opportunities, and it is very much essential for business. The English language offers a global platform for companies which operate in India to manage and develop a market all over the world.

The English language is transforming, transformative as it changes people, organizations and industries of India to have a global competitive edge and advantage to manage the future effectively.

Role of L2 in developing soft skills

Expressive and Expression skills

The second language acquisition is the essential aspect of linguistics and its management. When the second language skill has the objective of communicative competence and mastery, it can become a soft skill. The powers of oral and communication skills with reasoning seem to be lacking across the students of the globe

So we could understand and effectively conclude that second language if acquired properly by acquiring four skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking can become a soft skill which provides employment, economic benefits and efficiency in economic activities of any country.

RESEARCH GAPS:

The slow, systematic emphasis and integration of English as the medium of communication in personal, social, official and government organizations of India. The language from the status of a foreign language has established its strong foots for the last 200 years, and it would continue to dominate its role in integration, communication and information exchange process in India. No attention is paid on the pronunciation parts, and its implications and grammar affect the nature and development of the second language among students.

CONCLUSION:

The four essential skills which are reading, writing, speaking and listening in English language adds value and importance in their personal and organizational lives. It provides employee benefits, career advancement and economic benefits as well. It is an essential skill which has to be acquired by all. By possessing this skill, a person can effectively engage in organizations, contribute and influence the organizational roles. His personal and self- competencies improve a lot in these skills. Therefore students, professionals and managers need to develop these four skills for career development and enhancement in their own lives.

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